This article is dedicated to additional advanced features and methods for detecting leaks in underground water supply pipelines using modern correlators and accompanying equipment. The article examines leak detection equipment manufactured by Palmer (part of the Halma Water Management group, United Kingdom), which is one of the oldest companies operating in this field and a global leader in the production of this equipment.
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1. Advanced features of HWM correlators.
The correlation water leak detectors from Palmer (HWM) have a developed software apparatus of mathematical filters for processing signals from acoustic sensors. Configuring the filters is necessary to improve the peak shape and identify hidden sources of noise. The settings are automated, and the user only needs to choose one of the offered options, although specialists still have the opportunity for more detailed manual adjustments. For example, considering that plastic pipes have lower frequencies while metal pipes have higher ones, the water leak detector in dialog mode suggests the user choose a filter that cuts off noise below 350 Hz for metal pipes, and a filter that cuts off noise below 20 Hz for non-metallic pipes. There is also the option to keep all noises for analysis or make manual adjustments.
When localizing the locations of leaks in water supply networks, it is also possible to use a filter to suppress a specific frequency range chosen by the user, etc.
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In the correlation devices for water leak detection by Palmer, there is a function for operation in pipes made up of a series of inserts made from various materials. Up to 6 different materials can be programmed in the device settings for leak detection in one measurement.
The sound speed check function allows measuring the actual speed of sound in a given section of the pipeline, which may differ from the theoretical value for various reasons, including the presence of corrosion or deposits, or cement coating on the inner walls of the pipe.To check the speed, it is necessary to simulate a leak in the pipeline (for example, by opening a fire hydrant, etc.), perform correlation, and then activate the "Speed Calculation" function.
When using the "out of bounds" scheme for speed verification, it is possible to use the noise from an existing water leak, even if its location is not determined. In this case, the delay time will correspond to the time taken by sound to travel the distance between the two sensors.
go to the selection of leak detectors
The regression analysis function allows to specify the leak location by conducting several (at least three) correlations while rearranging one of the sensors. The use of the aforementioned mathematical filters and special functions allows for good results even in the most difficult conditions, with high noise background, etc.
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The portable leak detector MicroCall+ from HWM has a unique capability to perform three-station correlation. This device has three sensors and three workstations, the data from which is processed on a common computer.This allows for three correlations to be conducted in one setup and to obtain more confident results, automatically checking the speed "beyond limits" (which, in turn, allows for operation on pipes with unknown diameters, etc.).
The latest model of the correlator from Palmer (HWM) – TouchPro – features a touchscreen, even more visual and user-friendly software, an intuitive interface, and new modern radio modules. At the same time, this device retains all the main capabilities and advantages of MicroCall+, except for the ability to perform three-station correlation.
For complex pipeline configurations, a large-scale correlator SoundSens is used, which allows for the installation of multiple sensors (up to 12) on the pipeline network and conducting correlation between them. To identify leak locations underground, the sensors are programmed to record at a specific time (usually at night). While a conventional device compares noise from two sensors in real-time, the large-scale correlator compares recorded noise, allowing for multiple recordings during a single setup. After the recordings are made, the sensors are removed from the pipeline and connected to a central station, which conducts the correlation and determines the leak location.
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The disadvantage of a large-scale correlator compared to a regular one is the small additional error associated with the timing measurement error in each sensor, even though the internal clocks of all sensors are precisely "synchronized" before installation when connected to the central station. An advantage of large-scale correlators, besides the ability to make simultaneous measurements at several points in a branched network, is the ability to perform measurements at night (with minimal interference) without the need for a crew to work at night, as the installation and removal of sensors take place during the day. Furthermore, such devices for leak detection are indispensable in areas with poor radio communication (such as basements), as they do not require radio communication at all, whereas a regular correlator requires radio communication between the transmitting stations of two acoustic sensors and the central station.
To detect leaks in heating networks, it is necessary to ensure the protection of the sensitive element and the electronics of the acoustic sensor from overheating. Therefore, high-temperature sensors or sensors with special thermal spacers are used in thermal network leak detectors, providing thermal protection when installed on heating pipelines.
2. Accompanying equipment for locating leaks in underground water pipes
To obtain the most reliable information when locating leak sites, it is recommended to use portable acoustic leak detectors of the DXmic type in conjunction with a correlator.
A device of this type (also known as a ground microphone) detects and measures noise at ground level. It is equipped with a "bell" type microphone for hard soils and a "rod" type microphone for soft soils, an amplifier and noise analyzer, as well as high-quality headphones. It is assumed that the device shows the maximum noise level when positioned directly above the leak. However, a noise level that is too high or too low does not always allow for accurate localization of the leak using the ground microphone. To combat extraneous noises (from other sources), the device is equipped with primary signal amplifiers and electronic filters.
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All the devices mentioned in this article complement each other, so when deciding which leak detector to choose for your diagnostics service, a comprehensive approach to this issue is recommended – equip this unit with several types of devices, as well as portable flow meters with clamp-on sensors. The best option is to equip the diagnostics service with both a set of portable pressure sensors and a pipeline tele-inspection system, which can help in particularly complex cases of different types of pipelines crossing at one point, or in the presence of constant noise sources near the inspection site, where no noise level meter would work. When using leak detectors, the diagnostics service staff would not have been able to detect up to 15% of leaks without tele-inspection in their arsenal. Furthermore, the equipment for pipeline tele-inspection also allows for defect detection in external sewer networks.
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